Dawn of the Future, "Snow Crash"

Introduction

French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard once said, "Technoscience is investigating how to make disembodied thinking possible [1].” Thus, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is a dehumanization and mechanization process. Artificial intelligence, robots, quantum computing, IoT and cloud systems, 5G, biotechnologies, nanotechnologies, blockchain, and related applications are just one step in this direction. Blockchain also plays its part in dehumanization.

Veteran financial sector companies such as Goldman Sachs say cryptocurrencies and digital assets will be permanent features of banks' and asset managers' investment portfolios for the foreseeable future. Matthew McDermott, the bank's global head of digital assets, says adopting cryptocurrencies as a store of value and hedge against currency devaluation has become a preferred method. McDermott continued by saying, "Now we've crossed the line," in a phone interview with Financial News. [2] "The focus will become wider, and due to the upcoming technologies, projects, and their purpose of launch, there will be different reasons to deal with different cryptocurrencies," he said.

In 2018, two economists, Yukun Liu and Aleh Tsyvinski (Yale University), published a report titled "Cryptocurrency Risks and Returns." They examined the risk of Bitcoin losing value to zero within a day. [3] Using bitcoin's historical returns to calculate the likelihood of risk-free disasters, the authors found that the probability of an unspecified catastrophe reducing bitcoin to zero ranged from 0% to 1.3%. At the time of publication, it was about 0.4%. For comparison, Tsyvinski said in an interview with Yale News that a similar probability in the euro (EUR) is 0.009%.

Academic research and survey studies on various blockchain technology acceptance theories, like Unified Acceptance and Technology Model Usage Theory (UATMUT), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [4], Rogers' Diffusion Theory, and Intuitive Fuzzy Cognitive Maps theory (IFCM), as well as perceived operational usefulness related to blockchain and cryptocurrency, all give strictly positive results concerning the future of blockchain. [5] [6]

Web 3.0 and blockchain are newer technologies that an army of software developers has been working on worldwide. Web 4.0, Internet Computer (ICP), is being talked. DFINITY Foundation, the creator of ICP, a Switzerland-based organization, has been working on it since 2014 [7], talking about a revolutionary public intelligent network. It is conceived as a World Computer to facilitate new Web3 services and applications that operate solely on the blockchain, without a need for conventional IT infrastructure in Web 4.0. It can interface with conventional blockchains as a Web3 orchestrator. ICP is the most extensive cryptocurrency research and development initiative developed by a plethora of renowned cryptographers, computer scientists, and engineers for its construction.

Web 3.0 and blockchain are more than decentralized finance—DeFi [8] and other digital value transfer schemes. They are part of an innovative computer stream. The story of TCP/IP—communication control protocol/Internet protocol, which is a similar technology—started with ARPANET [9] in the 70s and took nearly three decades to reach the masses with the concept of Web 2.0 and email. However, Web 3.0, blockchain, and cryptocurrencies seem to enter our lives faster than Web 2.0 and email.

Web 3.0 and blockchain architecture

Web 3.0 aims to live with blockchain, a technology with necessary capabilities that provide great support.

The commercial and economic uses of blockchain pivot on enhancing trust, improving accuracy, and reducing transaction costs. Historically, eliminating uncertainty and establishing trust have been essential to secure the transfer of value between parties.

The Nobel laureate, Professor Douglas C. North of the University of Washington, once said, "Economic and other institutional organizations that impose rules and reservations that are tools eliminate the uncertainty for the transfer of value." [10]

Web 2.0 and the Internet have helped central authorities, intermediaries, and enterprises move services online and manage uncertainty in hybrid contexts.

Figure 1: Comparison of centralized and decentralized financial systems

Web 2.0 digitized numerous services, including transactions, while retaining administrative components, such as central authority and intermediary entities, in their original form.

With their dynamic and functional characteristics, Web 3.0 and blockchain leverage distribution and decentralization to transition all commercial and economic services, including administrative functions, central authorities, intermediaries, and accounting, into virtual environments. Blockchain facilitates a new definition of digital assets, currency, tokenization, and their registration within peer-to-peer (P2P) networks.

Web 3.0 and blockchain digitize the essential actors of the traditional financial and commercial system: central authorities, intermediary organizations, and other institutions. As a result, all applications using blockchain serve without the need for these trust-building institutions, (i) accurately, (ii) safely, (iii) much faster, and (iv) much lower costs using accessibility, reliability, and scalability features of the systems.

In Web 2.0 and the Internet, banks, credit card firms, and notaries levy a fee proportional to the aggregate cost of (a) their services, i.e., transactions. (b) accuracy of transfers, (c) trust management, and (d) transfer risk. Both parties must keep their accounting and transaction records separate.

Web 3.0 operations remove intermediaries and centralized control, significantly lowering transaction costs while enhancing transfer accuracy, improving trust management, and reducing transaction risks.

The 600-year tradition of double-entry accounting ended with the advent of Web 3. It introduced triple-entry accounting through disruptive technologies like blockchain and DeFi (decentralized finance). The blockchain ledger validates and certifies transactions, while each participant retains their own financial records.

Figure 2: Blockchain architecture: nodes store identical ledgers.

The expected benefit of real-time value transfers between individuals is greater independence and the promotion of democratization. This method will reduce concerns about fraud and exploitation while also decreasing the oversight and control that central authorities and intermediaries have over economic and social systems.

Fiat, cryptocurrencies, and exchanges

The term "money" comes from the Latin word moneta, meaning "coin," which entered English through the French monnaie. The Latin term is believed to originate from a temple dedicated to Juno on the Capitoline, one of Rome’s seven hills. In ancient times, Juno was often associated with wealth.

Today, fiat currency is regulated by a central authority authorized by governments and is primarily used for value exchange and economic asset evaluation. It is widely recognized as a medium of payment, expressing values and prices, enabling transactions, and serving as the primary measure of wealth that lacks backing by a tangible commodity, such as gold or silver.

Cryptocurrencies, crypto wallets, smart contracts, and others are applications that run on blockchain networks called Dapps (decentralized applications).

Cryptocurrencies can be categorized in two manners: by their supply and by their utility. According to supply, there are two categories: those with a finite, restricted supply—disinflationary—and those with an infinite supply—inflationary. Cryptocurrencies fulfill distinct purposes and are classified into three categories based on their usefulness and purpose: stablecoins, coins, and tokens.

Stablecoins are present and are offered as principal financial assets, linked at a 1:1 ratio to designated fiat currencies, such as the US dollar or euro, and are tradable on exchanges. Moreover, some stablecoins are linked to various assets, including precious metals such as gold and silver or alternative cryptocurrencies. Some stablecoins are programmable and add value to smart contracts. Consequently, stablecoins, like fiat currencies, are used for transactions and usually have a constant value.

Coins are digital money that serves as the native currency for blockchain networks such as bitcoin [11], ADA, XRP, BNB, SOL, and ETH, which function as decentralized apps (DApps). Their value fluctuates according to market players' behavior.

Conversely, tokens [12], a particular decentralized application (DApp), represent a segment of assets registered on a blockchain network that enable their value exchange 24/7/365 on the network.

Figure 3: The state of crypto markets (Feb 20, 2025)

The coin markets now have an asset pool of 11.67 million cryptocurrencies, 796 exchanges, and an approximately $3.2 trillion market cap according to CoinMarketCap.com (as of Feb 20, 2025—Figure 3).

The crypto market is believed to have significant growth potential. However, its current market size is approximately $3.2 trillion, which is relatively small compared to similar asset markets. [13]

Figure 4: Cryptos aim for 1247 trillion USD (600+220+215+130+75+7) in potential assets. [14]

Blockchain, the Digital Sinews of AI

Blockchain serves as the foundational technology for Web3, operating as a decentralized and secure digital ledger that resists tampering. Transactions are recorded in "blocks," which are securely linked in chronological order through cryptographic hashes [15], resulting in an immutable chain. The storage of these blocks occurs across a decentralized network of computers, which guarantees both transparency and security. This distributed database, commonly known as a ledger, preserves a comprehensive record of transactions, ensuring that unauthorized alterations are prevented.

This design guarantees data integrity, transparency, and security by linking each block to the previous one, making unauthorized modifications nearly impossible. Blockchains, in their fundamental and diverse forms, employ various consensus mechanisms such as Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS) to authenticate and authorize transactions without reliance on a central authority. While blockchain technology powers cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, it also has broader applications, including supply chain management, smart contracts, decentralized finance (DeFi), and other industries that require secure and verifiable records.

Smart Contracts

A notable and attractive application of blockchain technology is smart contracts. They are decentralized programs operating on blockchain networks that regulate online interactions, connections, and event initiation.

Blockchain utilizes smart contracts to improve online relationship management and the operation of decentralized applications on blockchain networks, facilitating the resolution and automation of legal matters.

Once a contract's specified commercial terms and conditions are finalized and confirmed, the resulting actions are carried out automatically, without requiring involvement from intermediary institutions or legal entities.

Besides issuing targeted alerts and recording a change of ownership, they can allocate assets or digital currency to the legitimate owners. This autonomous operational framework was established via smart contracts, a significant blockchain technology innovation that enhanced trust, precision, efficiency, time, and recording for all participants.

Furthermore, intelligent technologies, such as artificial intelligence and smart contracts, facilitate the development of dependable and sustainable applications. This method addresses the heightened demand for enhanced structural integrity and effective administration in the integration of AI, blockchain, and smart contracts, including their security attributes, within interconnected digital networks.

As the requirement for secure and meticulously maintained transaction environments increases, these solutions will bolster integrity, efficiency, transparency, and security while facilitating complete automation.

AI and blockchain technology are expected to become more prominent in Web 3 implementations due to the evolving environment, growing emphasis on cybersecurity, privacy, interoperability, sustainability, energy efficiency, and intensified regulatory scrutiny on modernizing industry practices.

Asset Tokenization

Tokenization is the process of converting real-world assets (RWA), such as property, infrastructure, or services, into digital tokens on a blockchain. In asset management, this transformation plays a crucial role in shaping governance structures and developing new economic models.

Asset tokenization is the process of converting physical or digital assets into tokens on a blockchain. These tokens can be split into smaller fractions, securely traded, or managed using smart contracts, enhancing their flexibility and accessibility. Some applications of tokenization include:

Real Estate & Infrastructure Tokenization

• City-owned buildings, commercial spaces, or land can be tokenized, allowing fractional ownership and easier investment.

• Example: A smart city can tokenize a new housing development, enabling investors to buy small portions instead of the entire property.

Energy & Utilities Tokenization

• Solar farms, wind turbines, or electric grids can be tokenized to allow micro-investments.

• Example: Residents can own or trade shares in a community solar project and receive dividends in the form of energy credits.

Transportation & Mobility Tokenization

• Public transit systems (e.g., buses and subways) can tokenize fare systems, making payments seamless.

• Example: A smart city could use blockchain-based tokens for ridesharing, toll payments, or parking fees.

Data & Digital Assets Tokenization

• Citizens and businesses generate valuable urban data (e.g., traffic patterns and pollution levels). Tokenization can enable fair data monetization.

• Example: A person could sell their mobility data in exchange for city service credits.

Public Services & Governance Tokenization

• Tokenized incentives (e.g., rewards for recycling and paying taxes on time) can encourage sustainable citizen behaviors.

• Example: A city issues green tokens as rewards for using eco-friendly transport.

Figure 5: Asset tokenization tokenizes real-world assets on a blockchain network [16]

Real-World Examples of Tokenization

• Dubai’s Smart City Initiative: Exploring blockchain-based real estate tokenization. [17]

• Power Ledger (Australia): Uses tokenized energy trading for smart grids. [18]

• Barcelona’s Citizen Participation Tokens: Encourage civic engagement through tokenized incentives. [19]

Tokenization democratizes asset ownership, increases transparency, and streamlines activities while enabling continuous, day-and-night, round-the-clock transactions. It fosters new economic models where citizens, businesses, and governments can collaborate more effectively through blockchain-based digital tokens, facilitating seamless transfer, monetization, and ownership.

Figure 6: fungible asset tokenization. [20]

Benefits of Asset Tokenization

The most significant advantages you may expect from RWA tokenization include:

• Liquidity: RWA owners don’t need to freeze their money in large-scale assets by getting a portion of their money back into circulation and reinvestment.

• Fractional ownership: Users of RWS tokens enjoy the privilege of owning real estate, gold, exclusive fine art, and other objects they would have never afforded with limited capital.

• Immutability and transparency: Blockchain-powered tokenization technology ensures transparency of all operations and eliminates the risk of fraud or manipulation.

Through 24/7 access and financial inclusion, RWA token users can buy and sell assets anytime, unrestricted by the operating hours of traditional exchanges. These digital assets are accessible worldwide, including to unbanked and underbanked individuals, promoting greater financial inclusion. [21]

A Historical Financial Shift

Recent technological breakthroughs and the implementation of intelligent rules in major global jurisdictions have prompted a migration of several financial operations to blockchain platforms. Payments, credit intermediation, trade settlement, and other operations are now executed through this new Internet-based financial system, owing to its enhanced speed, cost-effectiveness, transparency, and programmable capabilities.

The considerable fear of being excluded from traditional financial institutions demonstrates the growing acceptance of blockchain technology. Recently, BlackRock, JP Morgan, Standard Chartered, HSBC, Goldman Sachs, and other prominent financial institutions, mostly in the US, have implemented strategies to enhance their engagement with blockchain technology and its principal players.

It specifically seeks to supplant the almost 50-year-old SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications) system with an efficient, cost-effective blockchain cross-border payment solution. It will provide value transfer in seconds rather than days or weeks, at a cost of less than a cent.

The tokenization of assets (stocks, bonds, real estate, and similar) and moving them to the blockchain is becoming a pressing matter in the financial sectors globally. The Bank of America anticipates that blockchain technology could transform the methods of asset exchange and storage across all industries, not only banking. The World Economic Forum anticipates that 10% of global GDP may be tokenized and recorded on the blockchain by 2027.

Several markets, including Europe, Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, have enacted legislation to regulate digital assets. It is anticipated that additional markets will adopt a similar approach. The emergence of a crypto-friendly administration in the United States is guiding international markets towards level I blockchain applications originating from the US.

The following seven cryptocurrencies lay the groundwork for new financial systems that are emerging, and the system is built on their new paradigm using blockchain technology; each of these has its set of rules, principles, and objectives that are embedded in their technology in the USA and will potentially influence global economic systems [22] [23] [24] [25]:

• XRP → Liquidity & Cross-Border Payments

• XDC → Trade Finance & Tokenization

• ALGO → DeFi, CBDCs & Smart Contracts

• XLM → Retail Payments & Remittances

• ADA → Decentralized Governance & Smart Contracts

• IOTA → IoT, Supply Chain & Zero-Fee Transactions

• QNT → Interoperability Across All Blockchains

• HBAR → smart contracts, tokenization, and consensus (32 companies behind them like Boeing, Google, Microsoft, LG, IBM, Dell, etc.)

After years of conflict and struggle by blockchain enterprises since 2008 to launch their initiatives, which began with the Bitcoin network [11], what looks to be the dusty Wild West of American history is coming to a close.

All of these cryptocurrencies are also ISO 20022 compliant. ISO 20022 is a global messaging standard for financial institutions, serving as the foundational language of banking and the backbone of the evolving global financial system. All banks are required to adopt this standard by March 10th, though the deadline appears to have been postponed to July 14th this year.

On January 23, 2025, the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission, a government agency in the US) issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 122, repealing SAB 121 in the U.S. SAB 121 had previously set accounting requirements for banks holding crypto assets in custody and lending against them. Its repeal removes these restrictions, allowing banks greater flexibility in managing crypto investments.

If real USD in its digital form (either through CDBC or new stablecoins) is integrated into this process, it could enhance the ecosystem by providing liquidity and stability to the crypto market. Such an arrangement would enable banks to support borrowing, lending, and trading activities, ultimately driving increased participation and overall market growth.

The financial sector is transforming due to a new framework of regulations and operational protocols, transitioning to blockchain technology. Within this framework, each asset will be transformed into a digital form, rendered programmable, and engineered for smooth integration across Web 3 applications.

Blockchain and Crypto Regulation in the U.S. and Its Global Impact

The regulation of blockchain and cryptocurrencies in the United States is a complicated and dynamic terrain. No one regulatory framework oversees the industry; nevertheless, entities such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) exert considerable influence.

The SEC frequently categorizes specific cryptocurrencies as securities, imposing rigorous rules, while the CFTC designates others, such as Bitcoin, as commodities. Simultaneously, FinCEN mandates compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) regulations for cryptocurrency exchanges and financial institutions.

Under the previous administration in the US, the lack of consistent, uniform regulations has led to legal difficulties, prompting calls for comprehensive legislation to provide clearer guidelines for businesses and investors.

U.S. regulatory determinations profoundly impact global cryptocurrency markets, given that the nation is home to prominent blockchain enterprises, institutional investors, and trading platforms. When the SEC implements new and crypto-friendly enforcement actions and establishes new policies, the action generates frequent global repercussions, influencing market sentiment and regulatory strategies in other jurisdictions.

Figure 7: Major beneficiaries of U.S. cryptocurrency policy (March 5, 2025) [26]

Certain governments, including the European Union with its Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) framework, have endeavored to create more definitive regulations, partially as a reaction to the regulatory ambiguity in the United States.

Moreover, the previous administration's oversight in the US has compelled certain blockchain companies to migrate to more cryptocurrency-friendly regions such as Switzerland, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates, thereby influencing innovation and investment patterns negatively in the US.

Despite regulatory challenges, the United States remains a key player in shaping global cryptocurrency policies. Collaboration between policymakers, industry leaders, and international regulators is critical to balancing innovation with consumer protection and financial stability. As the sector grows, the U.S. approach to blockchain and crypto regulation is likely to keep influencing the broader digital economy and guiding how other nations develop their own regulatory frameworks.

Predicting the future and living it

Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash, a science fiction novel, is a seminal work in the cyberpunk genre, published in 1992. It is recognized for its prescient depiction of contemporary technology such as the Metaverse, digital currencies, and artificial intelligence-driven civilizations.

The narrative centers on Hiro Protagonist, a hacker and pizza delivery guy for the Mafia, set in a dystopian future America where the government has disintegrated and businesses wield total authority. The internet has transformed into the metaverse, a completely immersive virtual reality environment.

Hiro discovers a novel digital substance termed "Snow Crash," which transcends a mere virus by impacting computer systems and human cognition. During his investigation, he collaborates with Y.T., a youthful courier, to uncover a conspiracy that encompasses ancient Sumerian linguistics, neural manipulation, and a formidable elite intent on societal domination.

The primary ideas and projections from the book are as follows:

• Cryptocurrency and Digital Finance: The book predicts the rise of decentralized economies powered by digital currencies.

• AI and Information Warfare: It explores how language, memes, and code can act as a "cognitive virus" to influence thought and behavior.

• Metaverse: A virtual world where people live, work, and socialize, resembling modern VR and Web3 technologies.

• Corporate Nation-States: The book envisions a future where governments collapse, and massive corporations rule territories like feudal lords.

• Transhumanism & Cybernetics: It examines how technology can alter human perception and reshape reality.

The book’s significance lies in Stephenson's foresight regarding the future that has significantly impacted technology leaders, particularly in the realms of virtual reality, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. Companies such as Meta (previously Facebook) are constructing a metaverse inspired by concepts from Snow Crash. Brad Garlinghouse, CEO of Ripple, was influenced by it.

Furthermore, Yanis Varoufakis, former Greek finance minister, who became famous for trying to defend debt-laden Greece from its German creditors, traces the history of capitalism from the ad boom of the 1960s through Wall Street in the 1980s, the financial crisis of 2008, and the pandemic in his recent book, “Techno-feudalism: What Killed Capitalism,” which he wrote as a letter to his technologically interested father. The more convincing parts of techno-feudalism contend that the impact of tech companies like Apple, Facebook, and Amazon has transformed the economy to the point that it resembles the feudal structure prevalent in medieval Europe. Everybody else is a peasant, toiling away at their farm for little pay, while the tech behemoths rule over them.

Both books must be read. A science fiction masterpiece, “Snow Crash” is a must-read for anybody interested in cyberpunk, tech philosophy, or the evolution of AI and the internet economy. "Techno-feudalism: What Killed Capitalism" delves into the details of “Snow Crash” and offers compelling evidence of its existence.

P.S. I recently authored two strategy implementation documents for two British startups. The first focuses on smart cities, exploring the use of digital twins, AI, and blockchain. The second addresses the integration of blockchain technology into the energy sector. These projects inspired me to write this article. See here for my previous work on blockchain.

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References and notes

[1] The Inhuman, by Jean-François Lyotard (French philosopher), 1997.

[2] Financial News —https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/06/goldman-names-new-head-of-digital-assets-in-bet-that-blockchain-is-the-future-of-financial-markets.html

[3] Lee, C. & Kriscenski, John & Lim, Hyoun. (2019). An empirical study of behavioral intention to use blockchain technology. 14. 1-21.

[4] Maden, Ayça & Alptekin, Emre. (2021). Understanding Blockchain Technology Adoption from Procurement Professionals' Perspective: An Analysis of the Technology Acceptance Model Using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. 10.1007/978-3-030-51156-2_41.

[5] Nuryyev, Guych & Wang, Yu-Ping & Achyldurdyyeva, Jennet & Jaw, Bih-Shiaw & Yeh, Yi-Shien & Lin, Hsien-Tang & Wu, Lifan. (2020). Blockchain Technology Adoption Behavior and Sustainability of the Business in Tourism and Hospitality SMEs: An Empirical Study. Sustainability. 12. 1256. 10.3390/su12031256.

[6] Knauer, Florian & Mann, Andreas. (2020). What is in it for Me? Identifying Drivers of Blockchain Acceptance among German Consumers. The Journal of the British Blockchain Association. 3. 1-16. 10.31585/jbba-3-1-(1) 2020.

[7] The DFINITY Foundation is a Zurich, Switzerland-based nonprofit software company with research centers in Palo Alto, San Francisco, and Zurich and has been working on ICP for a very long time. - https://dfinity.org/

[8] Decentralized finance, short for decentralized finance, is a general term for various applications and projects in the field of public blockchain aimed at disrupting the traditional world of finance. Inspired by blockchain technology, DeFi is referred to as a financial application built on blockchain technologies.

[9] Developed in ARPANET, USA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) network is an experimental computer network that is the pioneer of the Internet. It is the world's first package distribution network and a pioneer of the universal Internet, whose first purpose is to connect computers in Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines.

[10] NORTH, Douglass C. (1991). “Institutions”, https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.5.1.97

[11] Bitcoin is the name of the network when "B" is capitalized; bitcoin is the name of the currency when starting with "b.

[12] A blockchain-based token is a digitalized real-world asset (RWA) produced, distributed, and managed on a blockchain network. It denotes a particular use case, usefulness, or value of RWAs inside a decentralized and distributed blockchain network.

The fundamental characteristics of a token are their generation by smart contracts, representation of value or utility, interoperability, and divisibility of RWAs.

The categories of tokens include utility tokens, security tokens, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and governance tokens.

[13] Addressable Target Markets for Cryptocurrencies—https://cryptoresearch.report/crypto-research/addressable-target-markets-for-cryptocurrencies/

[14] Bitcoin’s-Target-Addressable-Market-is-Worth-1247-Trillion - https://cryptoresearch.report/crypto-research/addressable-target-markets-for-cryptocurrencies/figure-3-bitcoins-target-addressable-market-is-worth-1247-trillion/.

[15] A cryptographic hash is like a digital fingerprint for data. You put any piece of information in, and it spits out a short, unique code. Change the info even a little, and the code changes completely. It’s super hard to reverse or fake, making it great for keeping things secure, like passwords or file checks. Think of it as a one-way lock—easy to create the code, nearly impossible to unlock it back to the original data.

[16] Asset Tokenization—https://chain.link/education/asset-tokenization

[17] The Role of Real-World Asset Tokenization in Dubai’s Smart City Initiatives—https://homecubes.io/role-of-real-world-asset-tokenization/

[18] Blockchain Enterprise Use Case—https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-enterprise-use-case-empowering-future-tokenizing-singh-laizf/

[19] Cardano Partners and Real World Integrations—https://cardano.ideascale.com/c/cardano/idea/125751

[20] Guide to Real-World Asset Tokenization—https://4irelabs.com/articles/real-world-asset-tokenization/

[21] The world is on the brink of a financial reset—https://x.com/LivingTheD18595/status/1894174576327762389.

[22] Understanding the Unique Roles of XRP, XLM, and XDC—https://www.bitget.com/news/detail/12560604552086

[23] Top 7 ISO 20022 Cryptocurrencies for 2024—https://mudrex.com/learn/top-7-iso-20022-cryptocurrencies-for-2024/

[24] 8 Crypto Assets with ISO 20022 Standard on the Rise: XRP, XLM, HBAR - https://www.bittime.com/en/blog/8-aset-kripto-standar-iso-20022

[25] Top ISO-Compliant Cryptocurrencies in 2025—https://tangem.com/en/blog/post/iso-compliant-cryptocurrencies/

[26]  Cointelegraph Twitter